Permeability of free space Essay Example

Judiasm & Rastafarianism: A study of the Falashas Essay -- essays pape

Judiasm and Rastafarianism: An investigation of the Falashas In this examination paper I will talk about the ethnic gatherings of Africans in the Caribbean and Jews in Ethiopia. Jews in Ethiopia call themselves Beta Israel which signifies 'place of Israel.' They are otherwise called the Falashas. Falasha signifies 'outsider' or 'worker' in the old style language of Ethiopia (the Ge'ez tongue). I will likewise depict the way of life of the African individuals uprooted into the Caribbean who distinguish themselves as the Rastafarians and the associations I have made among them and Judaism. I accept that these associations among Judaism and Rastafarianism are something beyond similitudes that can be found between any two Bible-after religions. I pick the Falashas as the subject for individual, strict and profound reasons. I was naturally introduced to a Jewish family unit, wealthy in the conventions and customs of my Hebrew predecessors. I grew up anyway in the Caribbean, home of the one of a kind culture known as the Rastafari. For a mind-blowin g duration I have felt a profound association among Judaism and Rastafarianism. In this paper I look for the causes and history of the association that I feel in my heart. I accept that the Falashas are the extension between these two societies. The association of the Rastas to Ethiopia is a profound and enchanted one. It would take many pages to delineate the associations of this culture to Israel. In quickly portraying their way of life I endeavor to represent what started my consideration about the likenesses between Jews, Falashas, and Rastas. The Rastas accept that they are initially and genealogically Ethiopians. They were taken from their country in the midst of bondage and brought to the 'New World'. Most definitely, the Rastafarians have confidence in a considerable lot of the comparative ... .... Leonard E. The Rastafarians. Boston: Beacon Press, 1977. Messing, Simon D. The tale of the Falashas,Black Jewsof Ethiopia. Brooklyn, N.Y.: Balshon Print. and Offset Co., 1982. Campbell, Horace. Rasta and Resistance. New Jersey: First Africa World Press Edition, 1987. White, Timothy. Burst An Into flames. New York: Henry Holt and Company, 1994. Steve Barrow and Peter Dalton. Reggae - The Rough Guide. London: Rough Guides, 1997. Chevannes, Barry. Rastafari - Roots and Ideology. New York: Syracuse Univ. Press, 1994. Rapoport, Louis. Reclamation melody: the narrative of Operation Moses. San Diego: Harcourt, 1986. Laing, Arlene. Prologue to Jamaica. URL:http://lamar.colostate.edu/~laingg/ Eznoh, Michael. Jammin Reggae Archives. URL:http://www.niceup.com/ Weave Marley - The Unofficial Home Page. URL:http://www.won.nl/dsp/usr/svketel/Music/bmarley.html

C++ vs Python The Best Ever Comparison Between OOPs

C++ vs Python The Best Ever Comparison Between OOPs When we talk about the general-purpose programming languages, then the first two languages that come into our mind is C++ and Python. There are a lot of differences between C++ vs Python. The only similarity between these two is the general-purpose languages. Lets start with a short introduction to C++. We can say that it is the successor of the C language with object-oriented capabilities. On the other hand, Python is the most popular high-level programming language in the world. It is quite easy to use; the most uniques feature of Python is that you do not need to declare variables in Python. C++ Summary C++Uses of C++PythonUses of PythonC++ vs PythonCode lengthFlexibilityEase of learningSpeedMemory ManagementReadabilityC++PythonDeclarationSpecial functionsPython vs C++ syntaxCareer AspectsCompaniesConclusion (C++ vs Python) C++ is one of the most popular and widely used general-purpose programming languages. It is used to develop complex systems where the hardware level coding requires. But C++ is not portable like other high-level programming languages. You need to compile the C++ code every time if you want to run it on another machine. It is having a lot of similarities with the C language. Bjarne Stroustrup developed C++ in late 1979. It is one of the most powerful high-level programming languages. Most of the programmers call it C with classes. Uses of C++ When we talk about hardware-level coding, then C++ is the first choice of the developers. It is used to produce almost every embedded system. e.g., smartwatches, stopwatches, multimedia systems in automobiles, electric cars systems, IoT devices, etc.We can also develop the servers and the high-performance microcontroller programs. Microcontroller programs can be found in factories.Game development is the key to C++. That is the reason C++ is becoming more popular among game developers. We can create 3D games, multiplayer, and many more types of games using C++. One of the leading game development framework Unity is also written in C++.C++ is also used to create the compiler for other programming languages. Did you know that almost every programming language compilers are created with the help of C++. Python Python is the most powerful general-purpose programming language. It is widely used in machine learning in Big Data technologies. Python was created in late 1991 by Guido van Rossum, the dutch programmer. It is the only programming language in the world that has the best code readability. When the Python was created, it was built with the motive to make its programming most straightforward than any programming language. Python code depends on the indentation apart from the complex structure. Apart from that Python is an interpreted language. It means that python code needs not to be converted into machine language at the runtime. Did you know that Python still ranks among the simplest programming language in the world. It is quite close to pseudocode. Therefore its code is quite readable and beautiful. Moreover, it has plenty of libraries that make it extremely powerful. The popularity of Python is making it the most desirable language in the current industry. Uses of Python Python is widely used with machine learning. In other words, Python code is compatible with machine learning. Thus the program created with Python has the capabilities of machine learning. In contrast, it is helping in various industries such as retail, banking, aerospace, and many more. It helps in getting useful insight into the business to make plans.When it comes to the data analyst, their first choice is Python programming language. The reason is that Python has the ability to manage the massive amount of data with ease and cost-effective way. Data analysts use it to analyze the data and statistical information.Web developers also use Python for developing the most complex web application. Python offers the Django framework. You can also create the entire sites using Python, but it is quite challenging to do.Python is also useful in Big data technologies. Most of the significant data functions can be performed using Python programming. C++ vs Python Code length C++ is using the predefined structure to write the code in it. It means that whenever you do start coding in C++, you need to follow the structure. Therefore the code written in C++ becomes more lengthy than Python. But wait C++ offers the fast prototyping features. With this feature, you can code in C++ with a rapid pace. On the other hand, Python doesnt have a predefined structure. Therefore you can write simple code in Python and make your code much shorter. Flexibility C++ is using the compiler for the compilation of the code. Thus it does not allow you to run the same code on other machines or operating systems. If you want to run the same program on different computers. Then you need to compile the program on other machines to run it. On the other hand, Python uses the interpreter to run the code. Therefore you can run the Python program on almost every computer or operating system. But the Python should be installed on the computer. Ease of learning C++ is quite complicated when it comes to learning. It has lots of predefined syntaxes and structure. On the other hand, Python is close to plain English. Therefore it is easier to learn. C++ is worked very close to the hardware; therefore, a wrong C++ program can destroy the entire system. If we talk about the compile steps, then Python has the number of compile steps depends on the length and functions of the code. But on the other hand, Python has zero compile steps. You can run the Python code by simply typing the name of the program with .py extension. As a beginner, you can find the best community support for Python because Python has the largest community than any other programming language. You can also find the documentation of Python on its official sites. If you face any problem using Python then you can directly ask for help in its community. On the other hand, C++ doesnt have well-written documentation. But it has the community to solve the issues of the programmers. Speed It is the key to every programming language. Speed matters a lot when it comes to real-time systems. Nowadays, lots of industries are working on real-time systems. Therefore the language has to be fast to run the real-time systems. C++ is faster than Python. Python is slower because it is also written in C language. Memory Management Memory management is quite complex in C++. It allows you to allocate the memory to the new variables and also deallocate the memory from the variable when it is no longer requires in the code. If you dont do the same, then there are also the chances of memory leak in C++. Because C++ doesnt support the garbage collection. On the other hand, there is no need to allocate and deallocate memory in Python. Because Python does it on its own, it does the memory management job with the memory allocation feature. Readability C++ code readability is weak as compared with Python. The reason is C++ has a lot of syntaxes that are entirely overwhelming when it comes to readability. C++ also lacks the indentation rules. Thus the code is like garbage in some points. On the other hand, Python has more English like syntax. It allows the indentation rules; thus, the programmer can keep track of every opened bracket. Lets explain the readability with the help of a simple example. C++ class HelloWorld { public: void PrintHelloCalltutor() { std::cout Hello Calltutor! ; } }; Python print(Hello Calltutor!) Declaration If we want to use any data type in C++. Then we need to declare the data type each time we use. Therefore we do have the proper command over when we have declared the datatype. It also becomes less ambiguous that what the code is going to do with the datatype. Thus it is quite easy to find and handle errors in C++. On the other hand, if we want to write the code in Python, then we need not declare the type of data. Therefore the length of the code becomes shorter and easier to maintain. For example, in C++ code the data type will declare as int a=10, and in Python a=10 Special functions C++ is having the features of both the high-level language and low-level language. Thus it is also known as the intermediate level programming language. Apart from that, it also has all the features of the object-oriented programming language. Some of the top OOPs features of C++ are class, operator overloading, multiple inheritances, exception handling, etc. On the other hand, Python is the most simple and powerful high-level programming language. It has some inbuilt constructor for executing clear code for large and small scale. It is also an object-oriented programming language. Python vs C++ syntax C++ has complex syntax as compared with Python. It requires the semicolons and brackets to work. You cant run the C++ code without using semicolons and brackets. On the other hand, Python offers a user-friendly approach to code into it. The entire structure of Python programming depends on the code indentation. In other words, we can say that the indentation creates the structure of code in Python. We write an end of the line at the end of the statement that replaces the uses of the semicolon in Python. We can also use the backslash within our code if we do not want to break our line of code. C++ uses the semicolon at the end of each line. Career Aspects C++ Career opportunity Junior ProgrammerSoftware DeveloperQuality AnalystGame ProgrammerSoftware Developer EngineerProgramming ArchitectUNIX Shell ScriptingBackend DeveloperEmbedded EngineerDatabase Developer Career in Python Python DeveloperProduct ManagerData AnalystEducatorFinancial AdvisorsData JournalistResearch AnalystData ScientistSoftware EngineerSoftware Developer Companies Companies using C++ GoogleTwitchAccenturePubuYummlyQuizUpYextFiveStarsAnimotoMediamath Companies using Python InstagramGoogleSpotifyNetflixUberDropboxPinterestInstacartredditlyft Conclusion (C++ vs Python) If we talk about the conclusion from the above discussion on C++ vs Python, we get that C++ is quite faster than the Python. Thus it is the best option to build real-time applications. Whenever we want to create real-time apps or on the go apps, then C++ is the first choice. The Majority of companies are using C++ is developing their platforms. One of the famous search engines, Google are utilizing both C++ and Python to provide unmatched performance to the users. Apart from that Python is having better Graphic capabilities as compared with C++. Nowadays, lots of companies on their online apps to attract more users. Python provides the best framework to develop and create robust and eye-catchy web applications. Instagram, Google, Netflix, and many more companies are utilizing this feature of Python. But wait, if we want to do code to the hardware level, then there is no competition between C++ vs Python because C++ can code to the hardware level. It is the only language that is the combination of low and high-level programming languages. Thus you can utilize the hardware to its full potential without doing the complex coding. Thats why C++ is becoming the first choice for gaming console developers. Both C++ and Python are having a decent future scope. But if you want to be more than just a developer, then you should opt for Python. Otherwise, you can choose to C++ to become the C++ developer. We do have both C++ programming experts and Python programming experts. They have plenty of years of experience in their fields. Therefore they can provide you the best C++ programming help and Python programming help. Along with they are also capable of offering you the best C++ assignment help and C++ homework help.

How Fast Can Humans Run

How fast can humans run? The fastest person clocked on our planet today is the Jamaican athlete Usain Bolt, who ran the 100-meter sprint at the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing in a world record of 9.58 seconds, which works out to be about 37.6 kilometers per hour or 23.4 miles per hour. For a brief period during that sprint, Bolt reached an astounding 12.3 meters per second (27.51 mph or 44.28 kph).nd (27.51 mph or 44.28 kph). As a physical activity, running is qualitatively different from walking. In running, a persons legs flex and the muscles are forcibly stretched and then contracted during acceleration. The potential gravitational energy and the kinetic energy available in a persons body changes as the center of mass in the body changes. That is thought to be because of the alternating release and absorption of energy in the muscles. Elite Runners Scholars believe that the fastest runners, the elite sprinters, are those who run economically,  meaning that they use a low amount of energy per unit of distance run. The ability to do that is influenced by muscle fiber distribution, age, sex, and other anthropometric factors. The fastest of the elite runners are young men. The possible velocity of a runner is also influenced by biomechanical variables, somewhat controversially attributed to the cycle of the runners gait. Factors thought to influence a persons velocity are shorter ground contact times, lower stride frequencies, longer swing times, greater stride angles, and longer strides. In particular, sprint runners maximize their acceleration and maximum sprinting velocities by applying greater mass-specific ground forces, specifically horizontal ankle velocity, contact time, and step rate. Long-Distance Runners When considering velocity, sports researchers also look at long-distance runners, those who race distances between 5 and 42 km (3 and 26 mi). The fastest of these runners use considerable plantar pressure (the amount of pressure the foot puts on the ground) as well as changes in biomechanical parameters, movement of the legs as measured over time and space. The fastest group in marathon running  (like that of sprinters) is men aged between 25 and 29. Those men have an average velocity between 170 and 176 meters per minute, based on marathons run in Chicago and New York between 2012 and 2016.​ Because the New York City marathon runs in waves (that is to say, there are four groups of runners who begin the race at about 30-minute intervals) statistics are available for runner velocities at 5 km segments throughout the race. Lin and colleagues used that data to provide support to the notion one factor of speed is competition; runners increase speed and change positions more frequently at the end of the race. The Upper Limits So how fast could humans run? In comparison to other animals, humans are very slow; the fastest animal on record is the cheetah at 70 mph (112 kph); even Usain Bolt can only attain a fraction of that. Recent research on the most elite runners have led sports medicine specialists Peter Weyand and colleagues to suggest in  press reports that the upper limit might reach 35 to 40 mph: but no scholar has been willing to put a number on that in a peer-reviewed publication to date. Statistics According to Rankings.com, the fastest three male and three female sprinters in the world today are: Usain Bolt (Jamaica), 9.58 seconds, set at the 2008 Summer Olympic games in Beijing, 10.44 meters per secondTyson Gay (United States) 9.69, during the 2008 Olympic Trials, 10.32 m/sAsafa Powell (Jamaica) 9.72, heats at the 2007 IAAF Rieti Grand Prix 10.29 m/sFlorence Joyner Griffith (US) 10.49,  1988 Olympics in Seoul, 9.53 m/sCarmelita Jeter (US) 10.64, Shanghai Golden Grand Prix, 2009, 9.40 m/sMarion Jones (US), 10.65, IAFF World Cup, 1998, 9.39 m/s The three fastest marathon runners, male and female, are, according to Runners World: Dennis Kimetto (Kenya), 2:02:57, Berlin Marathon 2014Kenenisa Bekele (Ethiopia), 2:03:03, Berlin 2016Elud Kipchoge (Kenya), 2:03:05, London 2016Paula Radcliffe (Great Britain), 2:15:25, London, 2003Mary Keitany (Kenya) 2:17:01, London, 2017Tirunesh Dibaba (Ethiopia) 2:17:56, London, 2017 Fastest Humans on Earth Runner Mi Per Hour Km Per Hour Usain Bolt 23.350 37.578 Tyson Gay 23.085 37.152 Asafa Powell 23.014 37.037 Florence Joyner Griffith 21.324 34.318 Carmelita Jeter 21.024 33.835 Marion Jones 21.004 33.803 Dennis Kimetto 12.795 20.591 Kenenisa Bekele 12.784 20.575 Elud Kipchoge 12.781 20.569 Paula Radcliffe 11.617 18.696 Mary Keitany 11.481 18.477 Tirunesh Dibaba 11.405 18.355 Sources Lin Z, and Meng F. 2018. Empirical analysis on the runners’ velocity distribution in city marathons. Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and its Applications 490(Supplement C):533-541.Lipfert SW, Gà ¼nther M, Renjewski D, Grimmer S, and Seyfarth A. 2012. A model-experiment comparison of system dynamics for human walking and running. Journal of Theoretical Biology 292(Supplement C):11-17.Nikolaidis PT, Onywera VO, and Knechtle B. 2017. Running Performance, Nationality, Sex, and Age in the 10-km, Half-Marathon, Marathon, and the 100-km Ultramarathon IAAF 1999–2015. The Journal of Strength Conditioning Research 31(8):2189-2207.Rabita G, Dorel S, Slawinski J, Sà  ez-de-Villarreal E, Couturier A, Samozino P, and Morin JB. 2015. Sprint mechanics in world-class athletes: a new insight into the limits of human locomotion. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine Science in Sports 25(5):583-594.Santos-Concejero J, Tam N, Coetzee DR, Olivà ¡n J, Noakes TD, and Tucker R. 2017. Are gait characteristics and ground reaction forces related to energy cost of running in elite Kenyan runners? Journal of Sports Sciences 35(6):531-538.Weyand PG, Sandell RF, Prime DNL, and Bundle MW. 2010. The biological limits to running speed are imposed from the ground up. Journal of Applied Physiology 108(4):950-961.

A New Zealand Health Issue Teen Pregnancies - 1404 Words

Analyse a New Zealand health issue: Teen Pregnancies A health issue is something that affects the well-being of groups or populations in a way that causes (public) concern. In this report I will be discussing why teenage pregnancy is a health issue in New Zealand and how it links to all the determinants of health which are influenced from teen pregnancy and parenthood. I am going to be discussing three determinants of health, these being; cultural, economic and social determinants of health. I will also be including implications and strategies related to teenage pregnancy and motherhood. We can see that there is a health issue when health statistics identify that the problem is affecting not only an individual but also the wider society.†¦show more content†¦Cultural determinants are related to this New Zealand teen pregnancy and parenthood issue because it is known that the Maori and pacific women have larger families than Europeans. The Maori fertility rate is specifically three times more than Europeans and of this Maori te enagers that become pregnant are also less likely to have an abortion compared to Europeans, which means more people going on the benefit and affecting the wider society as a whole. According to Statistics NZ, Maori teenagers have the highest fertility rate, this in fact being â€Å"70 per 1000 in the years of 2000 to 2002† and the European rate being â€Å"22 per 1000 in the years of 2000 to 2002†. A reason for this is because some Maori families hold a different attitude and have different views towards teenage pregnancy and motherhood. Generally raising a family is highly valued in the Maori culture, so if a teenager was to fall pregnant and have the baby, the baby will be cared for by other family members and there would be a high amount of support compared to neglect or disappointment. The social determinants of health are the conditions in which people are born, grow, live, work and age. These circumstances are shaped by the distribution of money, power and resources at global, national and local levels. Social determinants relate to this issue because it is one of the key things that is influencing teen pregnancy and/or parenthood. It has beenShow MoreRelatedSmoking Is Bad For The Body1341 Words   |  6 PagesDid you know that three out of four teens in high school admit to doing or being addicted to drugs? A majority of the teenagers today will more than likely face short or long-term health issues from the usage of â€Å"drugs,† preferably marijuana. What kind of short and long-term health issues you may ask? 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The Benefits of July 2018 Bar Exam Essay Samples

The Benefits of July 2018 Bar Exam Essay Samples Memos are definitely the most typical format for the performance test so that it is very likely on any certain bar round which you would face a Memorandum as the essential document. A duplicate of the bill is here. Also, check with the task memo that will help you determine the goal of letter. The Foolproof July 2018 Bar Exam Essay Samples Strategy However, three months might not be the correct period of time for you whether you'll already be working or in case you still have some classes remaining until you graduate. He served 60 days in jail and is now on probation. Thus the grand parent is not likely to be successful. Establish your everyday study schedule based on your personal needs. And seems to be a nice and supportive parent. The study schedule is important. Set aside a complete day and take a full MBE under test-like ailments. Plan on a couple of hours of MBE practice problems daily. The Principles of July 2018 Bar Exam Essay Samples You Can Benefit From Beginning Today Examinees are allocated a total of 3 hours to finish both skills questions. We are well-known for our fantastic outlines. Since you'll require the maximum quantity of time to memorize the details required to have a very good MBE score, you are going to want to dedicate the first couple of weeks of study to the core MBE topics. Make sure you have adequate materials to help you get ready for the MBE subjects. So, you might not be accomplished with PR just yet. I am utterly convinced there isn't any process of bar prep like yours out there it isn't only uniquely effective, additionally it is dependent on the soundest of principles and practices. Discover how to use effective legal writing strategies to your benefit. The Hidden Truth on July 2018 Bar Exam Essay Samples Since visitation wasn't in the order, Archie doesn't have a right to visitation stemming from that purchase. 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Bar exam prep is no simple task but you need to keep going.

Technical Report on Food Dyes Essay Example

Technical Report on Food Dyes Essay TECHNICAL REPORT ON SYNTHETIC FOOD COLORS TEXTILE LABORATORY APPLIED CHEMISTRY RESEARCH CENTER Pakistan Council of Scientific and Industrial Research Laboratories. Complex Karachi. TECHNICAL REPORT ON SYNTHETIC FOOD COLORS ______________________ _________________ Muhammad Aleem Ahmed Dr. Arfa Yasmeen P. S. O/ACRC HOC/ACRC _______________ __________________ Dr. Khuala Shirin Dr. Tanzil Haider Usmani P. S. O/ACRC D. G/KLC Compiled by: ________________ ___________ Mrs. Munazza Sohail Mansoor Iqbal Scientific Officer Scientific Officer Corresponding e-mail: [emailprotected] com [emailprotected] com [emailprotected] com TEXTILE LABORATORY APPLIED CHEMISTRY RESEARCH CENTER Pakistan Council of Scientific and Industrial Research Laboratories. Complex Karachi. Table of Contents: S. NoContentsPage Nos 1. Title of Project1 2. Affiliated personnel and organization2 3. Table of Contents3 4. Introduction and uses of Food Colors4 5. List of Approved food colors with details5 6. Background and Classification8 7. Advantages and Adverse Effects due to heavy metals in Food colors9 8. Permissible Limits of Heavy Metals10 9. Schematic Diagram for the synthesis of Food colors11 10. Some details for Mono Azo Food Colorants12 11. Details and specification of Acid Red 33 Food Dye12 produced by PCSIR laboratories Complex Karachi. 13 12. Working Group for Pilot Scale production, Analysis and quality Control of Synthesized Product14 13. References15 Introduction: We will write a custom essay sample on Technical Report on Food Dyes specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Technical Report on Food Dyes specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Technical Report on Food Dyes specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Food colors are known as certified colors. A colorant which may either be obtained from natural or synthetic route, permissible for use in food, drugs or cosmetics by FDA. All must satisfy strict regulations as to toxicity. The Natural color extracts, which were used for centuries for coloring food, have been extensively replaced by synthetic dyes. These synthetic dyes are colored organic substances that can be applied in solution or dispersion to the food as substrate, thus giving it a colored appearance. Usually the dyes have an affinity for food stuff and are readily absorbed from solution. The synthetic organic colors are superior to the natural dye extract in tinctorial power, consistency of strength, range and brilliance of shade, stability, ease of application and cost effectiveness. Many of synthetic coloring material thus selected for use in foods however the manner in which it is applied is much important from health point of view. A color additive is any dye, pigment or substance which when added or applied to a food, drug or cosmetic, or to the human body, is capable (alone or through reactions with other substances) of imparting color. FDA is responsible for regulating all color additives to ensure that foods containing color additives are safe to eat contain only approved ingredients and are accurately labeled. Uses of Food Colors: Color additives are used in foods for many reasons: 1) To offset color loss due to exposure to light, air, temperature extremes, moisture and storage conditions; 2) To correct natural variations in color; 3) To enhance colors that occur naturally; and 4) To provide color to colorless and fun foods. Without color additives, colas wouldnt be brown, margarine wouldnt be yellow and mint ice cream wouldnt be green. Color additives are now recognized as an important part of practically all processed foods we eat. List of dyes which are called certified Food Dyes: †¢FD C Blue No. 1 – Brilliant Blue FCF, E133 (blue shade) †¢FD Blue No. 2 – Indigo tine, E132 (indigo shade) †¢FD Green No. 3 – Fast Green FCF, E143 (turquoise shade) †¢FD Red No. 40 – Allura Red AC, E129 (red shade) †¢FD Red No. 3 – Erythrosine, E127 (pink shade, commonly used in glace cherries) †¢FD Yellow No. 5 – Tartrazine, E102 (yellow shade) †¢FD Yellow No. – Sunset Yellow FCF, E110(orange shade) List of Approved Natural and Synthetic colors for Food items by their E-Numbers: 100–199 Colors 100–109Yellows 110–119Orange 120–129Reds 130–139Blues Violets 140–149Greens 150–159Browns Blacks 160–199Gold and others Some Mono Azo dyes used in Food with their EN Numbers and Structures: : E102 : Tartr azine E107 : Yellow 2G E110 : Sunset Yellow E122 : Azorubine E123 : Amaranth E124 : Ponceau 4R E129 : Allura Red E151 : Brilliant Black E155 : Brown HT Background Information for Synthetic Food Colors: Artificial food colorings were first introduced after World War II when the chemical industry met with the food industry regarding using chemical-based colors since they were lower in cost than natural colors and had a longer shelf life. The safety of the colors was determined primarily from using LD-50 tests, and the amount was then extrapolated to humans. At the time of approval, behavioral toxicology testing was not required by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and therefore was not done on the artificial food colors. Classification of Synthetic Food Colors: Synthetic Food colors have been grouped into following classes. Mono azo †¢Diazo †¢Triazo †¢Triarylmethane †¢Xanthene †¢Quinoline †¢Indigoid Azo Food colors: In azo group of colors the chromopheric system consists of essentially of the azo group on association with one or more aromatic system. Azo Group There may be one or more than one azo group are present in color molecule therefore the mo no azo, diazo, triazo, tetra azo or poly azo dyes are being synthesized. Also the position of azo groups may differentiate their characteristics. The range of the shades covered by the azo group in food colors is very wide and including Red, Orange, Yellow, blue, Violet, Brown and Black. In most of the countries of world the coloration of food is regulated by FDA and government status. This is usually achieved by the publication of permitted lists and purity specification for each colorant and sometimes by the limitation of permitted colorant level in certain food colors. Advantages of synthetic Food colors: 1. Safe 2. Uniform Quality 3. Readily available in adequate quantity 4. Good Stability 5. High tinctorial power makes them economically advantages 6. good stability in water and alcohol 7. tasteless and odor less 8. Available in several forms 9. Freedom from bacteriological problem 10. Compatible in all food and beverages 11. Help to hold down the cost of food since the normal appearance of wholesome colorful tool can be retained or can be restored if color is lost during processing. 12. promote good health by making nutritious food attractive to the consumer. The Adverse effects of Lead, Mercury, and Arsenic: Lead: Lead is associated with lower IQ and it could also responsible for some cavities in teeth. Lead exposure has been linked to developmental delays, peripheral neuropathy, alters thyroid hormones and reduces fertility. In elderly adults level over 4 mcg can have neuro behavioral effects. Mercury: Mercury has been implicated in autism, ADHD, learning disabilities, endocrine problems, allergies, asthma, rheumatoid arthritis, and a host of other disorders. According to the FDA, The toxicity of mercury compounds is extensively documented in scientific literature. It is well-known that mercury compounds are readily absorbed through unbroken skin as well as through the lungs by inhalation and by intestinal absorption after ingestion. Mercury is absorbed from topical application and is accumulated in the body, giving rise to numerous adverse effects. Arsenic: Arsenic poisoning has been associated with respiratory, neurological, developmental, and cardiovascular issues. It has also been associated with cancer. In fact, an increased risk of skin cancer in humans is associated with chronic exposure to inorganic arsenic in medication, contaminated water, and the workplace. Permissible Limits for Some Heavy metal content in Food Colors: In the US, FDA specification for food, drug and cosmetics colorants are supported by published methods, many of which are acknowledge as official methods and reported as such by the association of official analytical chemist. FDA color additive specifications tend to differ from their European counterparts by placing lower limit on a smaller number of heavy metals usually including (Lead, Mercury and Arsenic) and by limiting a smaller number of organic contaminants . Moisture and diluents limit are usually included and minimum pure color content is required. So the General limits of heavy metals in ppm regulated by FDA on which bases a dye can be accepted as certified food color are as follows: S . NoName of MetalLimit in ppm 1. Lead? 10 2. Arsenic? 3 3. Mercury? 1 4. Cadmium? 1 5. Chromium? 50 6. Manganese? 100 7. Total heavy Metals? 40 Some Mono Azo Food Colors with their Numbers and Intermediates: S. NoColor NameC. I NoC. I Food NoEEC NoFD C NoIntermediates 1- Amaranth 16185 Red 9 E123 Red No 2 Naphthionic Acid, 2- Naphthol-6- Sulphonic acid, 2- Naphthol-3,6- diSulphonic acid, 2- Naphthol-6,8- diSulphonic acid, 2- Naphthol-3,6,8- diSulphonic acid 2-Allura Red16035Red 17E129Red No 405-Amino-4-Methyoxytoulene-2-Sulphonic acid, 2- Naphthol-6-Sulphonic acid, 6,6-Oxybis (naphthalene-2-sulphonic acid), 2,2- Di methoxy-5,5-dimethyl-diazo amino-benzene-4,4- di sulphonic acid. -Sun Set Yellow FCF15985Yellow 3E110Yellow No 6Sulphanilic acid,2-Naphthol-6-Sulphonic acid, 6,6-oxybis(Naphthalene-2-sulphonic acid),4,4-Diazoaminodi(benzene Sulphonic acid), 2-Naphthol-3,6-disulphonic acid. 4-Tartrazine19140Yellow 4E102Yellow No 5Sulphanilic acid,4 Hydrazino benzene sulphonic acid,3 Carboxy-1-(4-Sulphophenyl)-5-pyrazone,4,4-Diazoaminodi (Benzene Sulphonic acid) Details and Specification of Acid Red 33 Food Dye12 produced by PCSIR laboratories Complex Karachi, C. I No. 17200 †¢CAS Number:3567-66-6 †¢Name:2,7-Naphthalenedisulfonicacid, 5-amino-4-hydroxy-3-(2-phenyldiazenyl)-, sodium salt (1:2) †¢Synonyms: ,7-Naphthalenedisulfonicacid, 5-amino-4-hydroxy-3-(phenylazo)-, disodium salt (9CI); C. I. Acid Red 33(6CI,7CI); C. I. Acid Red 33, disodium salt (8CI); 11427 Red; 1424 Red; Acetyl Red B; Acid Fuchsin Fast B; Acid Fuchsine 38013; Acid Fuchsine 90120; Acid Fuchsine D; Acid Red 2A; Acid Red 33; Acid Red B; Amacid Fuchsine 4B; AzoFuchsine; Azo Grenadine; Azo Magenta G; Azo fuchsin; Azofuchsin (biologicalstain); Brasilan Fuchsine D; C. I. 17200; C. I. Food Red 12; Certicol Red B;Colacid Red 2A; Cosmetic Red 17000; D C Red 33; D and C Red No. 33;DC Red No. 33; DC Red No. 33-307002; DC Red No. 33-38013;DC Red No. 3-90120; Disodium1-hydroxy-2-phenylazo-8-aminonaphthalene-3,6-disulfonate; Edicol Supra Red 10B;Edicol Supra Red 10BS; Eniacid Fuchsine BN; Fabracid Fuchsine S-B; Fast AcidMagenta; Fast Acid Magenta B; Food Red 12; Hexacol Red 10B; Hexalan Red B;Hispacid Fuchsin B; Japan Red 227; Japan Red No. 227; Naphthalene Red B;Puricolor Red ARE 33; Red 10B; Red 10B307042; Red 33; Red No. 227; Romexal Red2A †¢Molecular Formula: C16H13 N3 O7 S2 . 2 Na †¢Molecular Weight:469. 42 †¢Density:g/cm3 †¢Melting Point: decomposes below the melting point †¢Boiling Point: °Cat760mmHg †¢Flash Point:  °C Lab Report of Our Synthesized product (Food Red 12 or Acid Red 33): S. NoName of Metal Limits in ppm 1. LeadBelow detection limit 2. Arsenic Below detection limit 3. Mercury 0. 011ppm 4. CadmiumBelow detection limit 5. BariumBelow detection limit 6. CopperBelow detection limit 7. BariumBelow detection limit 8. SeleniumBelow detection limit 9. CopperBelow detection limit 10. ChromiumBelow detection limit Working Group for Pilot Scale Production, Analysis and Quality Control of Synthesized Food Color: 1. Members for Production: †¢Muhammad Aleem Ahmed (P. S. O)/ACRC †¢Munazza Sohail (S. O) /ACRC †¢Mansoor Iqbal (S. O) /ACRC †¢Kamran Ahmed (S. O) /ACRC 2-Members for Analytical and QC Services: †¢Dr. Khaula Shirin P. S. O/ACRC †¢Dr. Sofia. K. Alvi S. S. O/ACRC †¢Sheeraz Shafiq S. O/ACRC †¢Mehroz Khan S. O/ACRC References: 1. Color Index, International, Society of dyes and Colorist Bradford England (Page 4105). 2. Development in Food Color by , Eb John Walford ,Elsevier applied Science Publishers London and New York . 3. Color in Food, Improving quality by Douglas b Dougall, CRC Press Boca Raton Boston New York Washington DC, Cambridge England. 4. Food Colorant, chemical and functional Properties by Carmen Socaciu, CRC press, Tailor and Francis Group.